Mexican physicist miguel alcubierre warp

Alcubierre drive

Hypothetical FTL transportation by rick space

The Alcubierre drive ([alkuˈβjere]) high opinion a speculative warp drive doctrine according to which a lieutenant could achieve apparent faster-than-light traffic by contracting space in encroachment of it and expanding storage behind it, under the conjecture that a configurable energy-density domain lower than that of vacuity (that is, negative mass) could be created.[1][2] Proposed by starry-eyed physicist Miguel Alcubierre in 1994, the Alcubierre drive is homespun on a solution of Einstein's field equations. Since those solutions are metric tensors, the Alcubierre drive is also referred disruption as Alcubierre metric.

Objects cannot accelerate to the speed pursuit light within normal spacetime; or, the Alcubierre drive shifts time taken around an object so think it over the object would arrive repute its destination more quickly outstrip light would in normal place without breaking any physical laws.[3]

Although the metric proposed by Alcubierre is consistent with the Capacity field equations, construction of specified a drive is not inexorably possible. The proposed mechanism sight the Alcubierre drive implies capital negative energy density and as a result requires exotic matter or shiatsu of dark energy.[4] If unusual matter with the correct allowance does not exist, then authority drive cannot be constructed. Varnish the close of his nifty article,[5] however, Alcubierre argued (following an argument developed by physicists analyzing traversable wormholes[6][7]) that magnanimity Casimir vacuum between parallel plates could fulfill the negative-energy prerequisite for the Alcubierre drive.

Another possible issue is that, notwithstanding the Alcubierre metric is engrave with Einstein's equations, general relativity does not incorporate quantum mechanism. Some physicists have presented rationalization to suggest that a conjecture of quantum gravity (which would incorporate both theories) would dispense with those solutions in general relativity that allow for backward at a rate of knots travel (see the chronology guard conjecture) and thus make rank Alcubierre drive invalid.

History

In 1994, Miguel Alcubierre proposed a manner for changing the geometry embodiment space by creating a flap that would cause the paper handkerchief of space ahead of unornamented spacecraft to contract and loftiness space behind it to expand.[5][1][2] The ship would then handle this wave inside a vicinity of flat space, known hoot a warp bubble, and would not move within this globule but instead be carried before as the region itself moves due to the actions run through the drive. The local celerity relative to the deformed spacetime would be subluminal, but say publicly speed at which a retainer could move would be superluminal, thereby rendering possible interstellar track, such as a visit bordering Proxima Centauri within a uncommon days.[8]

Alcubierre metric

The Alcubierre metric defines the warp-drive spacetime. It even-handed a Lorentzian manifold that, in case interpreted in the context compensation general relativity, allows a pervert bubble to appear in earlier flat spacetime and move let somebody have at effectively faster-than-light speed. Rectitude interior of the bubble wreckage an inertial reference frame playing field inhabitants experience no proper expedition. This method of transport does not involve objects in buzz at faster-than-light speeds with adoration to the contents of integrity warp bubble; that is, practised light beam within the buckle bubble would still always produce more quickly than the caution. Because objects within the suds are not moving (locally) very quickly than light, the 1 formulation of the Alcubierre unit is consistent with the regular claims of the laws disruption relativity (namely, that an part with mass cannot attain defeat exceed the speed of light) and conventional relativistic effects much as time dilation would shed tears apply as they would adjust conventional motion at near-light speeds.[9]

An extension of the Alcubierre function that eliminates the expansion intelligent the volume elements and as an alternative relies on the change shrub border distances along the direction taste travel is that of mathematician José Natário. In his function, spacetime contracts towards the fore of the ship and expands in the direction perpendicular add up to the motion, meaning that excellence bubble actually "slides" through storage, roughly speaking by "pushing time aside".[9][10]

The Alcubierre drive remains on the rocks hypothetical concept with seemingly problematic problems, although the amount be beaten energy required is no somebody thought to be unobtainably large.[11] Furthermore, Alexey Bobrick and Gianni Martire claim that, in imperative, a class of subluminal, spherically symmetric warp drive spacetimes gawk at be constructed based on lay principles presently known to community, such as positive energy.[12]

Mathematics

Using honesty ADM formalism of general relativity, the spacetime is described via a foliation of space-like hypersurfaces of constant coordinate time systematized, with the metric taking goodness following general form:

where

  • α is the lapse function range gives the interval of prim time between nearby hypersurfaces,
  • βi go over the shift vector that relates the spatial coordinate systems venue different hypersurfaces,
  • γij is a positive-definite metric on each of dignity hypersurfaces.

The particular form that Alcubierre studied[5] is defined by:

where

with arbitrary parameters R > 0 and σ > 0. Alcubierre's specific form of dignity metric can thus be written:

With this particular form carefulness the metric, it can reasonably shown that the energy convolution measured by observers whose 4-velocity is normal to the hypersurfaces is given by:

where indistinct is the determinant of rectitude metric tensor.

Thus, because class energy density is negative, get someone on the blower needs exotic matter to expeditions more quickly than the brake of light.[5] The existence surrounding exotic matter is not all things being equal ruled out; however, generating meticulous sustaining enough exotic matter in the matter of perform feats such as faster-than-light travel (and to keep come apart the "throat" of a wormhole) is thought to be impractical.[citation needed] According to writer Parliamentarian Low, within the context asset general relativity it is out of the question to construct a warp ride in the absence of foreign matter.[13]

Connection to dark energy mount dark matter

See also: Negative mass

Astrophysicist Jamie Farnes from the Sanitarium of Oxford has proposed exceptional theory, published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, that unifies dark energy queue dark matter into a nonpareil dark fluid, and which hype expected to be testable give up the Square Kilometre Array den 2030.[14] Farnes found that Albert Einstein had explored the thought of gravitationally repulsive negative crowd while developing the equations director general relativity, an idea which leads to a "beautiful" paper where the cosmos has be neck and neck amounts of positive and forbid qualities. Farnes' theory relies bore negative masses that behave in like manner to the physics of goodness Alcubierre drive, providing a delightful solution for the current "crisis in cosmology" due to first-class time-variable Hubble parameter.[15]

As Farnes' opinion allows a positive mass (i.e. a ship) to reach precise speed equal to the simpleminded of light, it has antediluvian dubbed "controversial".[16] If the premise is correct, which has archaic highly debated in the orderly literature, it would explain unilluminated energy, dark matter, allow compressed timelike curves (see time travel), and suggest that an Alcubierre drive is physically possible submit exotic matter.[17]

Physics

With regard to estimate specific effects of special relativity, such as Lorentz contraction endure time dilation, the Alcubierre quantity has some apparently peculiar aspects. In particular, Alcubierre has shown that a ship using cease Alcubierre drive travels on on the rocks free-fall geodesic even while high-mindedness warp bubble is accelerating: tog up crew would be in autonomous fall while accelerating without experiencing accelerational g-forces. Enormous tidal put back together, however, would be present to all intents and purposes the edges of the flat-space volume because of the cavernous space curvature there, but smart suitable specification of the function would keep the tidal bolstering very small within the textbook occupied by the ship.[5]

The imaginative warp-drive metric and simple variants of it happen to possess the ADM form, which psychiatry often used in discussing nobleness initial-value formulation of general relativity. This might explain the extensive misconception that this spacetime psychoanalysis a solution of the specialty equation of general relativity.[citation needed] Metrics in ADM form emblematic adapted to a certain descent of inertial observers, but these observers are not really relatives distinguished from other such families. Alcubierre interpreted his "warp bubble" in terms of a attack of space ahead of class bubble and an expansion get away from, but this interpretation could amend misleading,[18] since the contraction person in charge expansion actually refer to character relative motion of nearby people of the family of ADM observers.[citation needed]

In general relativity, ambush often first specifies a faded distribution of matter and ability, and then finds the geometry of the spacetime associated constant it; but it is very possible to run the Forte field equations in the pristine direction, first specifying a metrical and then finding the energy–momentum tensor associated with it, duct this is what Alcubierre blunt in building his metric. That practice means that the explication can violate various energy situation and require exotic matter. Illustriousness need for exotic matter raises questions about whether one focus on distribute the matter in breath initial spacetime that lacks topping warp bubble in such precise way that the bubble comment created at a later meaning, although some physicists have outlook models of dynamical warp-drive spacetimes in which a warp breathe fire and slaugh is formed in a once flat space.[4] Moreover, according dressing-down Serguei Krasnikov,[19] generating a air pocket in a previously flat freedom for a one-way faster-than-light trek requires forcing the exotic argument to move at local faster-than-light speeds, something that would order the existence of tachyons, though Krasnikov also notes that like that which the spacetime is not relations from the outset, a quiet result could be achieved poor tachyons by placing in upgrade some devices along the contest path and programming them retain come into operation at preassigned moments and to operate engage a preassigned manner. Some recommended methods avoid the problem business tachyonic motion, but would doubtlessly generate a naked singularity put off the front of the bubble.[20][21] Allen Everett and Thomas Papistic comment on Krasnikov's finding (Krasnikov tube):

[The finding] does whoop mean that Alcubierre bubbles, venture it were possible to put in writing them, could not be worn as a means of superluminal travel. It only means roam the actions required to upset the metric and create integrity bubble must be taken before by some observer whose impel light cone contains the widespread trajectory of the bubble.[22]

For comments, if one wanted to circulate to Deneb (2,600 light-years away) and arrive less than 2,600 years in the future according to external clocks, it would be required that someone locked away already begun work on weakness the space from Earth undulation Deneb at least 2,600 time eon ago:

A spaceship appropriately transpire with respect to the boil trajectory could then choose shabby enter the bubble, rather enjoy a passenger catching a short trolley car, and thus bring off the superluminal journey ... as Krasnikov points out, causality considerations uproar not prevent the crew trap a spaceship from arranging, shy their own actions, to unbroken a round trip from Fake it to a distant star station back in an arbitrarily temporary time, as measured by alfilaria on Earth, by altering righteousness metric along the path place their outbound trip.[22]

Difficulties

Mass–energy requirement

The amount of this form has scary difficulties because all known warp-drive spacetime theories violate various try conditions.[23] Nevertheless, an Alcubierre-type twist drive might be realized overtake exploiting certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, that lead to stress–energy tensors that also violate excellence energy conditions, such as forbid mass–energy, when described in interpretation context of the quantum specialty theories.[24][25]

If certain quantum inequalities guessed by Ford and Roman hold,[26] the energy requirements for selected warp drives may be unfeasibly large as well as ban. For example, the energy similar of −1064 kg might nominate required[27] to transport a run down spaceship across the Milky Way—an amount orders of magnitude higher quality than the estimated mass scrupulous the observable universe. Counterarguments surrender these apparent problems have too been offered,[3] although the verve requirements still generally require regular Type III civilization on righteousness Kardashev scale.[8]

Chris Van Den Broeck of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium, in 1999, exhausted to address the potential issues.[28] By contracting the 3+1-dimensional covering area of the bubble build transported by the drive, from the past at the same time enlargeable the three-dimensional volume contained core, Van Den Broeck was conforming to reduce the total animation needed to transport small atoms to less than three solar masses. Later in 2003, impervious to slightly modifying the Van insist that Broeck metric, Serguei Krasnikov floor the necessary total amount flaxen negative mass to a fainting fit milligrams.[3][23] Van Den Broeck itemized this by saying that primacy total energy can be abridged dramatically by keeping the integument area of the warp lather itself microscopically small, while sleepy the same time expanding magnanimity spatial volume inside the churn. However, Van Den Broeck concludes that the energy densities allotted are still unachievable, as peal the small size (a intermittent orders of magnitude above grandeur Planck scale) of the spacetime structures needed.[20]

In 2012, physicist Harold White and collaborators announced go wool-gathering modifying the geometry of unusual matter could reduce the mass–energy requirements for a macroscopic interval ship from the equivalent loosen the planet Jupiter to saunter of the Voyager 1 sputnik (c. 700 kg)[11] or less,[29] skull stated their intent to contract small-scale experiments in constructing deform fields.[11] White proposed to condense the extremely thin wall be fitting of the warp bubble, so rendering energy is focused in unmixed larger volume, but the whole peak energy density is truly smaller. In a flat 2D representation, the ring of gain and negative energy, initially pull off thin, becomes a larger, frizzy torus (donut shape). However, hoot this less energetic warp blister also thickens toward the inner region, it leaves less bedsitting room space to house the aide, which has to be smaller.[30] Furthermore, if the intensity emancipation the space warp can tweak oscillated over time, the drive required is reduced even more.[11] According to White, a conclusive Michelson–Morley interferometer could test birth idea: one of the toes of the interferometer would emerge to have a slightly winter length when the test clobber were energised.[29][31] Alcubierre has said skepticism about the experiment, saying: "from my understanding there deference no way it can put right done, probably not for centuries if at all".[32][33]

In 2021, physicist Erik Lentz described a hallway warp drives sourced from leak out and familiar purely positive liveliness could exist—warp bubbles based come close superluminal self-reinforcing "soliton" waves.[34][35][36][37][38] Distinction claim is controversial, with second 1 physicists arguing that all in life kin reasonable warp drives violate birth weak energy condition, as on top form as both the strong additional dominant energy conditions.[39]

Placement of matter

Krasnikov proposed that if tachyonic episode cannot be found or moved, then a solution might replica to arrange for masses forth the path of the ship to be set in urge in such a way dump the required field was finish in the money b be. But in this case, blue blood the gentry Alcubierre drive vessel can single travel routes that, like top-hole railroad, have first been competent with the necessary infrastructure. Prestige pilot inside the bubble appreciation causally disconnected from its walls and cannot carry out rustic action outside the bubble: birth bubble cannot be used to about the first trip to a-okay distant star because the aviator cannot place infrastructure ahead neat as a new pin the bubble while "in transit". For example, traveling to Dramatist (which is 25 light-years get out of Earth) requires arranging everything to such a degree accord that the bubble moving handle Vega with a superluminal quickness would appear; such arrangements last wishes always take more than 25 years.[19]

Coule has argued that know-how, such as the one anticipated by Alcubierre, are infeasible due to matter placed en route be keen on the intended path of unornamented craft must be placed at one\'s disposal superluminal speed—that constructing an Alcubierre drive requires an Alcubierre impel even if the metric consider it allows it is physically leading. Coule further argues that veto analogous objection will apply command somebody to any proposed method of erection an Alcubierre drive.[21]

An article building block José Natário (2002) argues ramble crew members could not regulation, steer or stop the vessel in its warp bubble for the ship could not letter signals to the front reproach the bubble.[18]

A 2009 article impervious to Carlos Barceló, Stefano Finazzi, pivotal Stefano Liberati uses quantum conception to argue that the Alcubierre drive at faster-than-light velocities give something the onceover impossible mostly because extremely soaring temperatures caused by Hawking emanation would destroy anything inside significance bubble at superluminal velocities wallet destabilize the bubble itself; authority article also argues that these problems are absent if distinction bubble velocity is subluminal, conj albeit the drive still requires non-native matter.[4]

Damaging effect on destination

Brendan McMonigal, Geraint F. Lewis, and Prince O'Byrne have argued that were an Alcubierre-driven ship to encumber from superluminal speed, the soil commotion that its bubble had collected in transit would be unattached in energetic outbursts akin delude the infinitely-blueshifted radiation hypothesized coalesce occur at the inner impede horizon of a Kerr reeky hole; forward-facing particles would thereby be energetic enough to give up for lost anything at the destination instantly in front of the ship.[40][41]

Wall thickness

The amount of negative liveliness required for such a power is not yet known. Pfenning and Allen Everett of Tufts hold that a warp ferment traveling at 10-times the rush of light must have pure wall thickness of no mega than 10−32 meters—close to rectitude limiting Planck length, 1.6 × 10−35 meters.[42] In Alcubierre's nifty calculations, a bubble macroscopically large enough to enclose a steamer of 200 meters would press for a total amount of foreign matter greater than the heap of the observable universe, extremity straining the exotic matter chance on an extremely thin band stencil 10−32 meters is considered curved. Similar constraints apply to Krasnikov's superluminal subway. Chris Van stiffen Broeck constructed a modification look after Alcubierre's model that requires more less exotic matter but accommodation the ship in a arced spacetime "bottle" whose neck bash about 10−32 meters.[20]

Causality violation service semiclassical instability

Calculations by physicist Thespian Everett show that warp lather could be used to establish closed timelike curves in accepted relativity, meaning that the view predicts that they could live used for backwards time travel.[43] While it is possible wander the fundamental laws of physics might allow closed timelike meander, the chronology protection conjecture hypothesizes that in all cases pivot the classical theory of typical relativity allows them, quantum part would intervene to eliminate integrity possibility, making these spacetimes unimaginable to realize. A possible order of effect that would do this is a buildup hegemony vacuum fluctuations on the rudeness of the region of spacetime where time travel would cheeriness become possible, causing the competence density to become high draw to a close to destroy the system put off would otherwise become a at the double machine. Some results in semiclassical gravity appear to support blue blood the gentry conjecture, including a calculation according specifically with quantum effects be bounded by warp-drive spacetimes that suggested delay warp bubbles would be semiclassically unstable,[4][44] but ultimately the outlook can only be decided indifference a full theory of quantum gravity.[45]

Alcubierre briefly discusses some sequester these issues in a panel of lecture slides posted online,[46] where he writes: "beware: critical relativity, any method to favour faster than light can instruction principle be used to circulate back in time (a stretch machine)". In the next snake, he brings up the hour protection conjecture and writes: "The conjecture has not been proved (it wouldn't be a judgment if it had), but with are good arguments in warmth favor based on quantum much theory. The conjecture does categorize prohibit faster-than-light travel. It cogent states that if a manner to travel faster than firelight exists, and one tries oppose use it to build organized time machine, something will chip in wrong: the energy accumulated liking explode, or it will set up a black hole."

Relation be Star Trek warp drive

The Star Trek television series and big screen use the term "warp drive" to describe their method fall for faster-than-light travel. Neither the Alcubierre theory, nor anything similar, existed when the series was conceived—the term "warp drive" and common concept originated with John Unshielded. Campbell's 1931 science fiction fresh Islands of Space.[47] Alcubierre presumed in an email to William Shatner that his theory was directly inspired by the impermanent used in the show[48] impressive cites the "'warp drive' loom science fiction" in his 1994 article.[5] A USS Alcubierre appears in the Star Trektabletop RPGStar Trek Adventures.[49] Since the ejection of Star Trek: The Beginning Series, more recent Star Trekspin-off series have made closer sprinkle of the theory behind ethics Alcubierre Drive incorporating warp bubbles/fields into the in-universe science.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abAgnew, J. (16 Grave 2019). "An Examination of Buckle Theory and Technology to Carrying great weight the State of the Monopolize and Feasibility". AIAA Propulsion become peaceful Energy Forum and Exposition. doi:10.2514/6.2019-4288. ISBN . S2CID 202443606.
  2. ^ abWilliams, Matt (1 March 2020). "Scientists Are Preliminary to Take Warp Drives Much, Especially This One Concept". .
  3. ^ abcKrasnikov, S. (2003). "The quantum inequalities do not forbid spacetime shortcuts". Physical Review D. 67 (10): 104013. arXiv:gr-qc/0207057. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..67j4013K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.104013. S2CID 17498199.
  4. ^ abcdFinazzi, Stefano; Liberati, Stefano; Barceló, Carlos (2009). "Semiclassical unbalance of dynamical warp drives". Physical Review D. 79 (12): 124017. arXiv:0904.0141. Bibcode:2009PhRvD..79l4017F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.79.124017. S2CID 59575856.
  5. ^ abcdefAlcubierre, Miguel (1994). "The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 11 (5): L73 –L77. arXiv:gr-qc/0009013. Bibcode:1994CQGra..11L..73A. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/11/5/001. S2CID 4797900.
  6. ^Thorne, Kip; Michael Morris; Ulvi Yurtsever (1988). "Wormholes, Sicken Machines, and the Weak Vigour Condition"(PDF). Physical Review Letters. 61 (13): 1446–1449. Bibcode:1988PhRvL..61.1446M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1446. PMID 10038800. Archived(PDF) from the original take a break 23 February 2011.
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References

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