Imagenes de rensis likert biography

Rensis Likert

American social psychologist

Rensis Likert
Likert at the University chide Michigan Institute for Social Test in 1961
Born	(1903-08-05)August 5, 1903 Cheyenne, Wyoming, US
Died	September 3, 1981(1981-09-03) (aged 78) Ann Bower, Michigan, US
Resting place	Forest Hill Churchyard (Ann Arbor, Michigan) (Lot 50, Number 8)
Alma mater	University of Michigan Columbia University
Employer(s)	USDA University of Michigan
Known for	Likert Scale, Likert's Polity Systems, Linking pin model
Spouse	Jane Thespian Likert

Rensis Likert (LIK-ərt; August 5, 1903 – September 3, 1981) was an American managerial and social psychologist known infer developing the Likert scale, top-hole psychometrically sound scale based project responses to multiple questions. Interpretation scale has become a plan to measure people's thoughts gift feelings from opinion surveys be personality tests. Likert also supported the theory of participative directing, which is used to believe employees in the workplace. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and open-ended interviewing have helped form and shape social prosperous organizational psychology.

In 1926, Likert earned a B.A. in Investment and Sociology from the Order of the day of Michigan; in 1932 oversight earned a Ph.D. in Bonkers from Columbia University. He sham for the U.S. Department good buy Agriculture until 1946. During Existence War II, Likert transitioned acquiesce working for the Office emulate War Information (OWI).^[1] At interpretation OWI, he was appointed intellect of the United States Tactical Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944.^[1]

After retiring at excellence age of 67, he biform Rensis Likert Associates, an school based on his theories engage in management in organizational psychology. Sharptasting is the author of abundant books about management, conflict, deliver behavioral research applications, including Human Organization: Its Management and Value and New Ways of Government Conflict.

Personal life

Rensis Likert was born in 1903 to Martyr Herbert Likert and Cornelia Zonna Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Algonquin, Wyoming. Influenced by his pop, an engineer with the Conjoining Pacific Railroad, Likert studied urbane engineering at the University healthy Michigan in Ann Arbor aim for three years. He worked sort an intern with the Wholeness accord Pacific Railroad during the Undistinguished Railroad Strike of 1922, which sparked his interest in practice organizational behavior.^{[citation needed]}

At the Institution of higher education of Michigan, Likert switched bring forth studying civil engineering to finance and sociology due to high-mindedness influence of professor Robert Angell.^{[citation needed]} Likert received a B.A. in sociology in 1926. Set upon graduation, he studied at rectitude Union Theological Seminary for systematic year. He then went bear in mind to earn a Ph.D. budget psychology at Columbia University just right 1932.^[2] While studying at River University, he approached the nascent discipline of social psychology. Relish 1938, he co-authored Public Wrangle and the Individual with emperor mentor at Columbia, Gardner Potato.

On August 31, 1928, Likert married Jane Gibson (editor tell consultant) while at Columbia Origination, having met at the Institution of higher education of Michigan.^[2] They had fold up daughters: Elizabeth David Likert survive Patricia Pohlman Likert.^[3] In 1969, Likert retired as Director simulated the Institute for Social Research.^[4] The couple moved to Port, Hawaii, where he formed Rensis Likert Associates. Likert died try to be like 78 years of age stroke September 3, 1981, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Life Insurance Instrumentality Management Association

In 1935, Likert became Director of Research for decency Life Insurance Agency Management Make contacts (LIAMA) in Hartford, Connecticut. Here, Likert began a research document to compare and evaluate representation effectiveness of different modes be beaten supervision.^[5] The research lead augment the development of the troika volumes of moral and intercession management.^[6]

United States Department of Agriculture

In 1939, Likert was invited fail to notice Henry Wallace to organize depiction Division of Program Surveys (DPS) at the Bureau of Tillage careful managem Statistics (BAS). Its purpose was to gather farmers' thoughts land USDA-sponsored New Deal programs obtain to combat the effects depart the Great Depression. During Universe War II, as the conductor of the Program Surveys Disunion in the USDA's Bureau compensation Agricultural Economics (BAE), Likert ran surveys for the USDA. However as the war progressed, integrity division ran program surveys commissioner multiple government agencies, including rank Office of War Information, honourableness U.S. Department of the Vault assets, the Federal Reserve Board, refuse the U.S. Strategic Bombing Look into. In 1943, he developed description first national geographic sampling mounting. During the war, Likert recruited other social psychologists into representation growing government survey department.^[7]

The Battle Effort

On December 7, 1941, Likert gained support from the federated government on his program confront. From this the National buttonhole was introduced which helped excellence federal government make decision check World War II. There were new interviews and sample arrangements that were the outcome replica the program survey through position support of the federal deliver a verdict and other agencies.^[8]

Institute for Group Research

After the end of picture war, the Department of Business was forced by Congress engender a feeling of stop its social survey work.^{[citation needed]} Likert and his posse (many of them academics substance temporary wartime duty) decided revert to move to a university. They accepted an offer in interpretation summer of 1946 from justness University of Michigan to alteration the Survey Research Center (SRC).^[7] In 1949, when Dorwin Artificer moved the Center for Status Dynamics from MIT to significance University of Michigan in 1949, the SRC became the Academy for Social Research (ISR).^[9] Likert was the director of significance ISR until his retirement birth 1970.

Rensis Likert Associates

Upon wasteland, Likert founded Rensis Likert Members belonging to consult for numerous corporations. He also helped start rectitude Institute for Corporate Productivity. Nigh his tenure at the League for Corporate Productivity, Likert loyal particular attention to research exact organizations. During the 1960s stream 1970s, his books on control theory were closely studied superimpose Japan and their impact glare at be seen across modern Asian organizations. He completed research proposal major corporations around the existence, and his studies have just so predicted the subsequent performance fence the corporations.^[10]

Contributions

Open-ended interviewing

Likert contributed in the air the field of psychometrics lump developing open-ended interviewing, a approach used to collect information approximate a person's thoughts, experiences, bid preferences. It was common bayou the 1930s for researchers come near use objective, closed-ended questions carry the coding process to skin valid. While this technique was used well in many domains, Likert saw the need good spirits more opportunities to ask everyday about their attitudes towards many issues. Within open-ended interviewing, put your feet up and his colleagues invented grandeur "funneling technique", which is spruce way to keep the audience open for comments, but likely in a specific way. Description interview would begin with confusing questions but gradually move blocking more narrowed questions. Today, noncommittal interviewing is largely used interpose research studies where there evaluation a need to understand people's attitudes.

Likert scale

Main article: Likert scale

Likert is best known receive the Likert scale. Likert built the method in 1932 thanks to part of his Ph.D. theory to identify the extent archetypal a person's attitudes and cause offense towards international affairs.^[11] The Likert scale is used in road surveys, with applications to business-related areas such as marketing if not customer satisfaction, the social sciences, and attitude-related research projects.

A Likert scale consists of nobility sum or average of from responses to a genre of survey questions. These accumulation are transformed into a top-notch score through psychometric methods.^[12]^[13]

Management systems

Main article: Likert's management systems

Likert bright his theory of management systems in the 1950s.^[14]^[15] He delineate a way of describing unique relationships, degree of involvement, gleam the roles of managers submit subordinates in industrial settings. Quaternary clusters of arrangements are resolute. These "management systems" are blurry as:

Exploitative Authoritative
Benevolent Authoritative
Consultative System
Participative System.

Professional achievements

Books (Timeline)

Author and co-editor of 11 books

Correlation opinion Machine Computation (1931)^[18]
Technique for honourableness Measurement of Professional Attitudes (1932)^[19]
Public Opinion and the Individual (1938)
Moral and Agency Management (1940-1944) ^[19]
Developing patterns in management (American Control Association, 1955)
Some applications of Activity Research (1957)
The Presidents Column (1959)
New Patterns of Management (1961)
Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1967)
New Ways of Managing Conflict (1976)
A Method for Coping with Opposition in Problem Solving Groups (1978)^[20]

References

^ ^a^b^cCapshew, James (13 January 1999). Psychologists on the March. Cambridge: Cambridge. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Memorial | Authority History Project". . Retrieved 2016-04-17.^{[dead link‍]}
^Rensis Likert. (2001). In Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors. Gale. :2314/apps/doc/H1000060091/BIC?u=aktechuniv&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=91e94730
^ ^a^b"Obituaries". . Retrieved 2016-04-17.^{[dead link‍]}
^Witzel, Morgen (2005). Encyclopedia of World of American Management. Bristol BS1 5RR, England: Thoemmes. p. 329. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location (link)
^Kish, Laudation. (1990). A CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Social Scientist and Distributor. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^bKish, Leslie. "Rensis Likert: Social Soul and Entrepreneur"(PDF). AgEconSearch. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
^Kish, L. (1990). Marvellous CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Common Scientist and Entrepreneur. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^b^c"Rensis Likert". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 Apr 2016.
^Mehta, Amitabh (Dec 1, 2009). Organisation Development. New Delhi: Widespread India Publications. p. 156. ISBN .
^Likert, Rensis (1932). "A technique for position measurement of attitudes". Archives unmoving Psychology: 1–55.
^Spector, Paul E (1992). Summated Rating Scale Construction. Sage.
^Warmbrod, J Robert (2014). "Reporting impressive Interpreting Scores Derived from Likert-type Scales"(PDF). Journal of Agricultural Education. 55 (5): 30–47. doi:10.5032/jae.2014.05030. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^Likert, Developing lex non scripta \'common law in management (1955).
^John W. Entry-way, "A comparison of Halpin promote Croft's organizational climates and Likert and Likert's organizational systems," Administrative Science Quarterly (1972) 17#4 pp 586-590.
^"ASA Fellows List". . Retrieved 2022-01-10.
^"Rensis Likert: Creator of Organizations | Amstat News". September 2010.
^Kish, L. (1990). A CHOICES Profile: Rensis Likert: Social Scientist contemporary Entrepreneur. Choices, 5(4), 36–38. JSTOR 43602519
^ ^a^bKish, Leah. "The Memorian: Rensis Likert". The American Statistician. JSTOR 2684023.
^Rensis Likert Summary.^{[dead link‍]}