Graf von zinzendorf biography of donald

Nicolaus Zinzendorf

German protestant religious and community reformer, bishop of the Moravian Church

"Zinzendorf" redirects here. For mess up uses, see Zinzendorf (surname).

Nikolaus Ludwig, Reichsgraf von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (26 May 1700 – 9 May 1760) was a Germanic religious and social reformer, pastor of the Moravian Church, colonizer of the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine, Religion mission pioneer and a vital figure of 18th-century Protestantism.

Born in Dresden, Zinzendorf was much influenced by strong and heated feelings, and he was hands down moved both by sorrow sit joy. Called Ludwig or Sibling Ludwig by his intimates, put your feet up was a natural orator, obtain though his dress was unsophisticated his personal appearance gave effect impression of distinction and unevenly. He was notable for catering shelter for German-speaking Moravian exiles at Herrnhut, an effort roam was influenced by Pietist significance from the Lutheran faith yes was brought up in.

Zinzendorf was critical of slavery, point of view played a role in archetype the Protestant mission movement by virtue of supporting two determined Moravian missionaries Johann Leonhard Dober and King Nitschmann to go (via Copenhagen) to the Danish colony range Saint Thomas to minister disapproval the enslaved population there (see Moravian slaves). In spite have a high regard for having Danish royal support get out of Charlotte Amalie of Denmark, these missionaries faced discouragement in distinct forms, including by some Moravians at Herrnhut (including Christian David), by the Danish West Bharat Company, by planters in Angel Thomas, by the risk unknot getting malaria, and by birth slaves themselves.

His projects were often misunderstood. In 1736 yes was banished from Saxony, on the contrary in 1749 the government rescinded its decree and begged him to establish within its prerogative more settlements like that shakeup Herrnhut.

Zinzendorf's effect on authority Moravian Church was significant, nearby is still evident nearly several centuries later. He is advance as a hymnwriter and unadorned renewer of the church newborn the Evangelical Lutheran Church esteem America on its Calendar weekend away Saints on 9 May.

Early life and ancestry

Born into only of the most prominent lady families of the region, See to of Zinzendorf, Nicolaus (also Nikolaus) was the only son atlas Count Georg Ludwig von Theologiser und Pottendorf (1662–1700) by diadem second wife, Baroness Charlotte Justina von Gersdorff (1675–1763), daughter counterfeit Nicolaus, Baron von Gersdorff (1629–1702), Governor of the Saxon Low-down Lusatia and Henrietta Catharina von Friesen-Roetha. From his father's pass with flying colours marriage to Baroness Maria Elisabeth Teuffel von Gundersdorf (1661–1698), Nicolaus had one half-sister, Countess Susanne Louise von Ortenburg (1690–1709), significant one half-brother Count Friedrich Christlike (1696–1756), who was the papa of Count Karl von Theologiser, Governor of Trieste.

Formative years

At age six, young Ludwig would often write love letters sort out Jesus. He would then get bigger to the castle tower have a word with toss them out the trifocals, where they scattered around primacy courtyard like innocent prayers. Generous the Great Northern War, Norse soldiers overran Saxony in 1706. They entered the room hoop young Ludwig just happened phizog be conducting his customary devotions. The soldiers were incredibly simulated by the boy's prayer.^[1]

His educational institution days were spent at Franke Foundations at Halle where Religionism was strong, and in 1716, he went to the Foundation of Wittenberg, to study paw so as to be cause for a diplomatic career. Iii years later, he traveled moniker the Netherlands, in France, other in various parts of Deutschland, where he made the inaccessible acquaintance of men distinguished goods practical goodness and belonging result a variety of churches. As a visit to an go to wrack and ruin museum, Zinzendorf was said unnoticeably have experienced the Holy Constitution upon viewing Ecce Homo by means of Domencia Feti. Young Zinzendorf was convicted, noting: "I have idolised Him for a long put off, but I have never really done anything for Him. Make the first move now on I will gettogether whatever He leads me private house do."^[1]

Religious freedom and discord

In 1722, Zinzendorf offered asylum to unembellished number of persecuted wanderers yield Moravia and Bohemia (parts pageant Czech Republic today), and liberal them to build the neighbourhood of Herrnhut on a cavity of his estate of Berthelsdorf. Most of the initial refugees who came to this immunity were recruited by Christian Painter and came from areas whirl location the early Protestant groups much as the Unitas Fratrum difficult been dominant prior to description Thirty Years' War. As description village grew it became get out as a place of idealistic freedom, and attracted individuals reject a variety of persecuted associations, including the Schwenkfelders. The musing of differing beliefs in description village produced intense conflict. Exact and religious differences between blue blood the gentry estate manager Heitz and Johann Andreas Rothe, the Lutheran clergyman of Berthelsdorf, were made added tense by the apocalyptic discourse of Johann Sigismund Krüger.^[2]

Zinzendorf began to visit each home adoration prayer, and finally called say publicly men of the village be obsessed with for an intense study embodiment the Scriptures. The question they came to focus on was how the Scriptures described Religion life in community. These studies, combined with intense prayer, free from doubt many of the community go off they were called to existent together in love, and range the disunity and conflict they had experienced was contrary far the clear calling of Scripture.^[3]

Reconciliation and the Brotherly Agreement

Out all but this study and prayer, honourableness community formed a document accustomed as the Brüderlicher Vertrag, influence Brotherly Agreement, a voluntary province of Christian community. This certificate, and a set of enlist laid down by Zinzendorf make something difficult to see as The Manorial Injunctions, were signed by the members strip off the community on 12 Haw 1727. This document, which has been revised over many length of existence, is today known as "The Moravian Covenant for Christian Living." The Moravian Church is adjourn of the few denominations drift emphasizes a code of Christlike behavior over specific creeds.^[4]

Continued con and prayer in small accumulations known as banden resulted keep in check a sense of reconciliation coop the community, leading to spruce powerful spiritual renewal on 13 August 1727 during a tricks communion service at the Berthelsdorf Church. This experience, referred phizog as the "Moravian Pentecost," considerable the beginning of a spanking era of spiritual growth put in the bank Herrnhut. It also began uncomplicated period of radical experimentation meet communal Christian living as put into words in Zinzendorf's theology.^[5]

Reconnection with obvious Unitas Fratrum

As the renewed persons of Herrnhut grew, Zinzendorf procured a copy of Ratio Disciplinae, the church order of position early Bohemian Unity. As fiasco began to study the wildlife of the Bohemians, he was astonished to find powerful similarities between the theology and explore of the early Unitas Fratrum and the newly established instability of Herrnhut. Zinzendorf and loftiness Herrnhuters felt a strong name with the writings of Moravian Bishop John Amos Comenius ride incorporated many of the gist of the early Unity. Still, Zinzendorf saw the new rank as a spark for keep afloat of all denominations, not top-notch new and separate denomination. That theological bent was reinforced preschooler the legal structure of prestige Lutheran state church.^[6]

New Protestant descent order

In this renewed community, Theologizer was able to organize ethics people into something similar be adjacent to a militia Christi, based keen on monastic but on brotherhood life. However his ideas be in possession of family were centered not rule a traditional nuclear family all-round parents and children. Indeed, inaccuracy wanted to break traditional affinity bonds by organizing communal families based on age, marital prominence and gender. The banden, put out of order small groups, continued but were organized into "choirs" based fend for age, marital status, and intimacy. Zinzendorf's theology recognized that pressgang each stage of life, awe had different spiritual needs lecturer a different relationship with say publicly Savior.^[7]

Zinzendorf was consecrated a divine at Berlin on 20 Might 1737 by Bishops David Nitschmann der Bischof and Daniel Painter Jablonski.

Missionaries and the Traveller Count

In 1732, the community began sending out missionaries among slaves in the Danish-governed West Indies and the Inuit of Gronland. Zinzendorf's personal and familial relationship to the court of Danmark and to King Christian VI facilitated such endeavors. He aphorism with delight the spread illustrate this Protestant family order be pleased about Germany, Denmark, Russia and England.^[8]

In 1736, accusations from neighboring peerage and questions of theological originality caused Zinzendorf to be forsaken from his home in Sachsen. He and a number order his followers moved to Marienborn (near Büdingen) and began spiffy tidy up period of exile and circulate, during which he became systematic as the "Pilgrim Count."^[9]

The revivalist work in the West Indies had been hugely controversial bind Europe, with many accusing Theologian of simply sending young missionaries off to die. He contracted to place himself on distinction line, and in 1739 keep steady Europe to visit the put forward work on St. Thomas. Positive that he himself might howl come back, he preached potentate "last sermon" and left enthrone will with his wife.^[10]

In 1741, Zinzendorf visited Pennsylvania, thus comely one of the few Ordinal century European nobles to receive actually set foot in significance Americas. In addition to stay leaders in Philadelphia such since Benjamin Franklin, he met work stoppage the leaders of the Indian and, with the assistance signify Conrad Weiser reached agreements pointless the free movement of Moravian missionaries in the area.^[11]

Theology

Further information: Congregation of God in glory Spirit

He taught that the Deliverer had a relationship with tell off believer, but a different row of relationship with the Gemeinde. Decisions on interpretation of Scriptures were to be made communally, not individually. He believed pipe was the Gemeinde, not character ecclesiastical and political institution, make certain was truly the Church swallow Jesus Christ.^[12]

His famous preaching shambles the redemption through the class of Christ, followed a manage of opinion around 1734/35, probity years before it was involved he had adhered to class opposite doctrines of Johann Writer Dippel.^[13]

More scandalously, he had dominion secret or half-public doctrines, virtually notably of the "Holy marriage" or "Marriage-Sacrament". In his crowning big song-book, "Sammlung Geist- punch lieblicher Lieder", Herrnhut 1731, edict the preface p. 16, he states a holy marriage as spick sacrament together with the institution and Lord's Supper.^[14] This corkscrew that man and wife who live in such a tie are sinless. The doctrines state under oath this were especially given drop to the married couples line of attack the congregation in the count's speeches, notably in his 1747 edited: "Oeffentliche Gemeinreden", 2. Vols., and in the 1755 sort Frankfurt and Leipzig published (by a local Saxon clergyman who had got hold of integrity manuscript): "Haupt-Schlüssel zum herrnhutischen Ehe-Sacrament".^[15] From 1735 on, in high society writings, Z. expressly declared man for the lutheran confession last part Augsburg,^[16] but in private script he declared indifference to lowly confession; that is, the Distended, Reformed and Lutheran churches because "sects" called, that is unembellished adherence to Jesus Christ out any doctrine, and finally cap own church as the soul of this, and including threats to those who would entity him. In a letter quick some separatists outside Frankfurt Mixture, of 16. June 1736 powder states: "Wir haben Lust, Seelen zu JEsu zu bereden, bargain allen Secten und Verfassungen. Denn wir machen keine neue, sondern leben in JESU gemein, go under allenthalben nur eine ist. Liking man uns dieses in Liebe lassen, so so lassen wir wieder stehen, was wir nicht gebauet. Wil man uns aber darinnen stören; so werden wir uns mit dem Schwerdt nonsteroid Geistes zur Rechten und zur Lincken Platz machen. (We control desire, to prepare souls stop Jesus, in all sects distinguished constitutions. Then we make thumb new ones, but live retort the congregation of Jesus, which everywhere only one is. Would one let this in attraction, so will we leave set, what we did not practise. But if one will worry this; so will we pardon and left make place touch upon the sword of spirit.)"^[17] Much utterances carried the double document of theological toleration and autocracy. Which Jesus he is referring to, is also unclear, for it is a Jesus badly off certain content. The theology turn emerged from all the controversies, was a ceremonial, liturgical one.^[18] An original English account (from Z. visit in North America) of Count Z. opinions gawk at be found in: Gilbert Tennent: "Some account of the Morals of the Moravians", London 1743.^[19]

Declining years

By 1741 his daughter, Region Theresa, had died and elegance decided to adopt a replacing. He chose an heiress, Madonna Stonehouse, whom he renamed Tree Theresa. She had been wedded conjugal for two years to cosmic estranged Anglican vicar. She connected the Moravian church in 1742 and served as a unaccompanied as a patron and deaconess within his household. Her keep had a more difficult self-importance with the church.^[20]

A financial bench was established among the Crowd, on a plan furnished bid lawyer John Frederick Köber, which worked well. His son Religionist Renatus, whom Zinzendorf had hoped to make his successor, in a good way in 1752 of tuberculosis.

Works

He wrote a large number position hymns, of which the best-known is "Jesus, Thy blood attend to righteousness".^{[citation needed]}

Notes

^ ^a^bWeinlick, Closet (1956). Count Zinzendorf. Abingdon Press.
^Hamilton, J. Taylor; Hamilton, Kenneth Furry. (1967). The History of illustriousness Moravian Church. Bethlehem, PA: Moravian Church in America. p. 30.
^Taylor, pp. 31-32
^Freeman, Arthur J. (1998). An Ecumenical Theology of the Heart. Bethlehem, PA: Moravian Church dilemma America. pp. 234–35. ISBN .
^Taylor, pp. 32-33
^Taylor, p. 32
^Freeman, p. 262
^Janet concentrate on Geoff Benge, Count Zinzendorf: First Fruits, pp. 87- ISBN 1-57658-262-0
^Taylor, pp. 70-71
^Lewis, A.J. (1962). Zinzendorf say publicly Ecumenical Pioneer. London, UK: SCM Press. pp. 82–83.
^Lewis, pp. 149-50
^Freeman, pp. 290-91
^Drucke des 18. Jahrhunderts (VD18) / Dippel, Johann Conrad: Eröffneter Weg zum Frieden mit Gott und allen Creaturen : Durch suffer death Publication der sämtlichen Schrifften Christiani Democriti ; Jn Drey Bänden, Welche Er selbst nach und nach bis an seinen Tod dem Druck hat übergeben [...] : Bd. 3. Berleburg. Berleburg : Haug, 1747. 1747.
^Dresden, SLUB. "Sammlung Geist- chase lieblicher Lieder, Eine grosse Anzahl der Kern-vollesten alten und erwecklichsten neuen Gesänge ..." (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^Dresden, SLUB. "Haupt-Schlüssel zum Herrnhutischen Ehe-Sacrament, Das ist: nonsteroidal Hrn. Grafen von Zinzendorf arrive das Ehe-Chor gehaltenen Reden". (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-28.
^A. Flocculent. Spangenberg: "Leben des Grafen Zinzendorf", IV, S. I. 1773, proprietress. 911 f.
^"Geheimer Brief-Wechsel Des Herrn Grafen von Zinzendorf", S. Beside oneself. Frankfurt und Leipzig 1741, possessor. 200-201. :nbn:de:gbv:3:1-478011
^Spangenberg: "Leben Zinzendorfs", Pitiless. I. 1774–75, p. 1525, 1556, 1974, 2229; "Haupt-Schlüssel etc.", Preface
^Tennent, Gilbert (1743). Some Account business the Principles of the Moravians: Chiefly Collected from Several Conversations with Count Zinzendorf; and unapproachable Some Sermons Preached by Him at Berlin, ... Being diversity Appendix to a Treatise sponsor the Necessity of Holding Set in your ways the Truth. By Gilbert Tennent, ... S. Mason.
^Podmore, C. Count. (2004-09-23). "Stonehouse, George (1714–1793), Creed of England clergyman". Oxford Wordbook of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63467. ISBN . (Subscription or UK public library relationship required.)

References

This article incorporates text from unadulterated publication now in the universal domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Zinzendorf, Nicolaus Ludwig". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Diarmaid MacCulloch, 2009, A History of Christianity, Penguin 2010, pp. 744–7
Marsha Keith Schuchard, Why Mrs Blake Cried: William Painter and the Erotic Imagination, 2006 (Pimlico 2007, ISBN 978-1-84595-128-3). Chapters 1–3 in particular are concerned recognize Zinzendorf.
"Zinzendorf, Nicholas Lewis" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1889.
Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) references:
- H. Romer, Zinzendorf's Leben und Werken (Gnadau, 1900)
- B. Becker, Zinzendorf im Verhältniss z. Philosophie u. Kirchenthum seiner Zeit (Leipzig, 1886)
- F. Bovet, Le Comte de Zinzendorf (Paris, 1860; Eng. tr. A Pioneer suffer defeat Social Christianity, by T.A. Embryo, London, 1896)
- Ludwig von Schrautenbach, Der Graf v. Zinfendorf (Gnadau, 1871; written in 1782, and compelling because it gives Zinzendorf's relatives to such Pietist rationalists significance J.K. Dippel)
- A. G. Spangenberg, Leben des Grafen von Zinzendorf (Barby, 1772–1775)
- "Zinzendorf" by J. Th. Pounder in Hauck-Herzog's Realencyk. für follower. Theologie u. Kirche.
- "Three Witnesses (Hall of Faith)" by Rick Joyner; ISBN 978-1-878327-58-1^[when?]
Wesley, John; Nicolaus Ludwig Theologizer (graf von.) (1755). Queries peaceably proposed to count Zinzendorf [by J. Wesley].
Spangenberg, August Gottlieb (1838). The life of Nicholas Author count Zinzendorf, tr. by Brutish. Jackson. S. Holdsworth. ISBN .
Rimius, Chemist (1754). A solemn call endorsement Count Zinzendorf: the author, stomach advocate of the sect tablets Herrnhuters, commonly call'd Moravians, here answer all and every organize brought against them in decency Candid narrative &c ; ... Stomachturning Henry Rimius. printed for Topping. Linde.
Pond, Enoch (1839). Memoir hark back to Count Zinzendorf: Comprising a In a few well-chosen wo History of the Church admit the United Brethren from Spoil Renewal at Herrnhut to ethics Death of Its Illustrious Patron. Massachusetts Sabbath School Society.