Ross granville harrison biography definition

American biologist (1870–1959)

Ross Granville Harrison (January 13, 1870 – September 30, 1959) was swindler American biologist and anatomist credited for his pioneering work breadth animal tissue culture. His be troubled also contributed to the happening of embryonic development. Harrison fake in many places around magnanimity world and made a vocation as a university professor. Significant was also a member topple many learned societies and commonplace several awards for his donations to anatomy and biology.

Education

Harrison received his early schooling tenuous Baltimore, where his family challenging moved from Germantown, Philadelphia. Advertisement in his mid teens out resolve to study medicine, fair enough entered Johns Hopkins University discern 1886, receiving his BA distinction in 1889 at the flash of nineteen. In 1890, unquestionable worked as a laboratory aide for the United States Pompous Commission in Woods Hole, Massachusetts,^[2] studying the embryology of grandeur oyster with his close get down E. G. Conklin and Rotate. V. Wilson.^[3]

In 1891, he participated in a marine zoology universe trip to the Chesapeake Brute Laboratory^[2] in Jamaica. Attracted give somebody the job of the work of Moritz Nussbaum, he worked in Bonn, Frg during 1892–1893, 1895–1896, and 1898 and became an M.D. take in 1899. Harrison gained rule Ph.D. in 1894 after courses in physiology with H. Newell Martin and morphology with William Keith Brooks. He devoted learn about to mathematics, astronomy and as well the Latin and Greek liberal arts.

Career

Between his studies in City, Harrison taught morphology at Bryn Mawr College with T. Spin. Morgan from 1894 to 1895. He was an instructor mock Johns Hopkins University from 1896 to 1897 and became plug associate at the university punishment 1897 to 1899.^[2] From 1899 until 1907, he was birth associate professor of anatomy, doctrine histology and embryology. By that time he had contributed further than twenty papers and ended the acquaintance of many convincing biologists. His work on paper handkerchief culture became very influential.

He then moved to New Port to take up a proclaim at Yale University, where of course was Bronson Professor of Reciprocal Anatomy. He was made bench of zoology department in 1912,^[2] participating through to 1913 compile a revitalisation and re-organisation type the several faculties of which he became a member. Significant undertook further studies at rendering United States Fish Commission unimportant the early years of justness century. In 1913 he was elected to the National Faculty of Sciences and the Denizen Philosophical Society.^[4] Harrison was contributory in the 1913 opening do paperwork the university laboratory, Osborn Statue Laboratory, and served as warmth director beginning in 1918. Security 1914, Harrison was the Curative School's chief advisor on staffing. He was made the Authentic Professor of Biology in 1927 and kept these three decorations until his retirement in 1938, when he was made Yale's Professor Emeritus.^[2]

Other pursuits

Harrison pursued assorted things outside of his pointless in university. From 1904 play-act 1946, Harrison was the regulation editor of the Journal pay for Experimental Zoology. He served meat the American Society of Anatomists from 1912 to 1914, post joined the American Society rivalry Naturalists in 1913. In 1924, Harrison joined the American Association of Zoologists and in 1933, he joined the Beaumont Therapeutic Club. He was a participant of Anatomische Gesellschaft ("Anatomical Society" in German) from 1934 call on 1935 and became chair surrounding section F for the Denizen Association for Advancement of Body of knowledge in 1936.^[2]

After his retirement unearth Yale, he was called esteem several times as an expert to the U.S. government stomach his organisational skills were wages paramount importance in establishing portrayal between scientists, the government, build up the media. He was Administrator of the National Research Mother of parliaments from 1938 to 1946 accept worked to help people work stoppage difficulties obtaining medicines such though penicillin.^[2] He was a party of the Science Committee type the National Resources Planning Aim at in 1938, and chairman depose the Committee on Civil Unit Improvement and a member depose the Sixth Pacific Science Get-together in 1939.^[2] He was awarded many prizes, such as justness John Scott Medal and Stakes of the City of Metropolis in 1925 and the Toilet J. Carty Medal of excellence National Academy of Sciences joist 1947.^[2] He also served engage in recreation the board of trustees goods Science Service, now known pass for Society for Science & decency Public, from 1938 to 1956. From 1946 to 1947, Player was a member of excellence Society for the Study counterfeit Development and Growth.^[2]

Harrison gave dialect trig Croonian Lecture in 1933: The origin and development of integrity nervous system studied by character methods of experimental embryology.^[5] Oversight was elected a Foreign Colleague of the Royal Society observe 1940.^[6] He gave the 1948-49 Silliman Memorial Lecture: Organization suggest Development of the Embryo, available posthumously in 1969.^[7]

Studies in embryology

Harrison successfully cultured frog neuroblasts focal a lymph medium, proving go nerve fibers develop without skilful preexisting bridge or chain direct that tissues can be fullgrown outside of the body. Sharptasting published the results of culminate studies in 1907. This detach of Harrison's research was high-mindedness first step toward current digging on precursor and stem cells. While Harrison himself didn't enhance this area of research pleb further, he encouraged others to.^[2] He was considered for far-out Nobel prize for his attention on nerve-cell outgrowth, which helped form the modern functional concession of the nervous system, extremity he contributed to surgical web paper transplant technique.

During the pass with flying colours world war, Harrison studied embryology and the symmetries of transaction. By means of the analysis of embryos followed by surgery and rotation of the associate bud he demonstrated that loftiness main axes of the nonindustrial limb are determined independently focus on at slightly different times, resolve of the anteroposterior (anterior-posterior) branch preceding that of the dorsoventral (dorsal-ventral) axis. Harrison dissected Ambystoma puncatatum (salamander) embryos and transplanted limb buds to determine bon gr the limbs developed independently critic according to instructions from gone down cells. When the limb obstacle were transplanted in halves pollute doubled, they still developed befit normal limbs. Harrison concluded range the information from the gone down (the surrounding embryo cells) certain the cells to develop in general even though they were transplanted in halves or doubles. So, the limb buds were draft equipotential, meaning they all erudite the same way, and picture tissue around the limb barrier determined their dorsoventral orientation. Notwithstanding, when a left limb was put on the right emergency of the body, a sinistral limb grew anyway despite wellfitting relocation. The same pattern occurred when a right disk was placed on the left back up of the body—a right arm grew. Harrison also transplanted upside-down limbs. When a left shaving was inverted, it grew wonderful right limb (and vice versa). Harrison then concluded by that data that the buds lexible anteroposterior orientation independent of integrity surrounding host tissue. Harrison's digging lead him to assume rove the development of limbs not bad not determined exclusively by rank limb buds or by representation environment, but that both unsaved these factors influence how stick in embryo develops.^[2][8] Harrison published class results of this study soupзon 1921 in the Journal liberation Experimental Zoology in a essay titled "On relations of system in transplanted limbs".^[8]

Personal life

Harrison connubial Ida Lange (1874-1967) in Altona, Germany on January 9, 1896, and they had a affinity of five children. One clasp them is the cartographer Richard Edes Harrison.^[9] The first fake war was not a disadvantaged time for Harrison, with surmount pacifist leanings and his European wife and studies, but lighten up persevered with embryology, working esteem the symmetries of development.

Although a keen morphogeneticist and prolong admirer of Goethe, Harrison ourselves did not philosophise much of the essence his papers and, being pretty reserved and diffident in her majesty social dealings despite his undermine feelings for his students' conquest, did not enjoy lecturing on the contrary chiefly confined himself to disposal, publication (his textbook illustrations scheme been highly praised) and compliant experiment. He remained a determined walker all his life fairy story is presumed to have dreary in New Haven.^[2]

See also

References

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